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Author ORCID Identifier

0009-0001-5418-0321

0000-0001-9426-7643

Abstract

Urban material systems exhibit nonlinear dynamics governed by feedback, adaptation, and emergent coupling among institutions, markets, and behaviors. Construction and demolition (C&D) waste in Bengaluru is a great example of such complexity, where fragmented regulation, informal actors, and digital asymmetries coalesce into unstable waste flows and resource leakages. This study conceptualizes Bengaluru’s C&D waste system as a Complex Adaptive System (CAS), where institutional, market, behavioral, and metabolic subsystems co-evolve through nonlinear feedback interactions. A meta-analysis of secondary literature combined with benchmarking of government datasets is used to evaluate two key complexity indicators, i.e., response speed and feedback density. The advancement of a new systems model—ARUM–D Nexus (Adaptive Reflexive Urban Metabolism with Digital core) positions the Digital Urban Material Passport (DUMP) as a reflexive sensing mechanism to reduce causal latency and synchronize adaptive responses. Results demonstrate that feedback-rich digital coupling and reflexive institutional behavior can support material flows, reduce illegal dumping, increase recycling efficiency, and intensify urban resilience under uncertainty. The study contributes a complexity-grounded governance model and measurable indicators that support adaptive decision-making for C&D waste management in rapidly expanding cities.

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