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Crepidotus applanatus
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
ID number: 08.10.01.2021
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Entoloma salmoneum
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
Saprobic; growing in moss under conifers and sometimes hardwoods, often growing on decaying conifer logs covered with moss. This specimen was collected in mossy leaf-litter under conifer trees. This species can be found through summer and fall and is widely distributed throughout Northeast America and Canada. This species grows alone or scattered. It has a distinctive pointed cap and vibrant orange-yellow color. Its cap is 1-3 cm wide with a bright salmon-orange color that fades to dirty yellow-orange with age and is sticky when young. This species’ gills are attached to the stem, distant, often short, and have the same color as the cap when it is young. Similar to the gills and cap, this species’ stem is salmon colored, although often a darker or dirtier shade. The stem is 4-10 cm long, 2 mm thick, hollow, and fragile. At the base of its stem, this species has a white to soft orange basal mycelium that connects to surrounding moss or leaf-litter. Additionally, this species has no distinctive odor or taste, is KOH negative, and has a pink spore print. This species is also known as Entoloma quadratum, Rhodophyllus lactifluus, Inocephalus quadratus and Nolanea quadrata as there is debate over this taxa and overlapping similarities (Kuo 2014). In order to properly understand how these species overlap and are morphologically similar, molecular research is needed. Having a singular species thought to include others from different genera is unusual and should be subject to further investigation. This may suggest that the phylogenetic relationships between these genera and species is convoluted and inaccurate. ID number: 11.13.01.2021
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Exidia recisa
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
Saprobic; our sample was found on a fallen branch of a hardwood, which is common, especially on oak. Found globally. In North America, it is most commonly found in the Midwest, but also observed in the Northeast. Fruiting body length 1 in, amber in color. No distinguishable stem, but the fruiting body is attached to the surface by a central point shorter than the length of the full body. Gelatinous and jelly-like, but holds its shape unless squeezed firmly. Wave-like structure with depressions that cave into the center. The species is found worldwide and one study found it to be abundant in the unburned forests of Northwestern Alaska (Alshammari 2019). ID number: 03.14.01.2021
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Fomitopsis betulina
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
ID number: 12.15.01.2021
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Ganoderma applanatum
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
ID number: 13.16.01.2021
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Ganoderma tsugae
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
Saprobic and parasitic; grows on Eastern Hemlocks; in North America, range comprises the northern Midwest and the Northeast, as well as along the Appalachian mountains. Polypore with bracket shelves that become wider and more shell-shaped as mushroom ages. Some specimens have a visible stem that extends perpendicular from the tree. Cap surface is lacquered. Color of the stem and part of the shelf closest to it ranges from dark brown to dark orange. Color becomes progressively more orange, then more yellow as the mushroom extends further out, and the outer edge is white. As the mushroom ages, the color changes first at the outer edge progressively more inward - the white becomes yellow, the yellow becomes more orange, and the orange becomes crimson until the entire mushroom ranges from brick red to deep crimson to deep brown. Loses its lacquered surface over time. The hymenium is covered with small pores that are originally white and darken to brown as the mushroom ages. Ganoderma tsugae is one species in a group of mushrooms known as Reishi, which have long been used in traditional medicine, most notably in China (La Clair et al. 2011). This species in particular has been found to mitigate prostate cancer cell growth when administered in an ethanol extract form (Huang et al. 2019). Furthermore, Ganoderma tsugae has been shown to be effective against allergic asthma (Chen et al. 2015). The decrease in the eastern hemlock population has led to an increase in the population of Ganoderma tsugae, which may be contributing to the increase in the numbers of pleasing fungus beetles in certain areas (Elliott et al. 2019). ID number: 13.16.02.2021
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Glutinoglossum spp.
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
ID number: 14.17.01.2021
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Gymnopus dryophilus
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
Saprobic, collected on litter and leaves in both hardwood and softwood dominant forests, as well as on the side of a fallen log. Globally distributed, considered to be widely distributed in North America, found through multiple field sites (Vilgalys and Miller 1983; Vilgalys 1991; Hughes et al. 2010). Cap 1-7.5 cm, convex to flat, smooth, fleshy, ranging from tan to tawny to an occasional russet brown; stipe up to 10cm long, under 1 cm thick but never wiry, annulus and volva absent; gills appearing andexed to free depending on sample age; white spore print. Possible anti-inflammatory uses (Zeb and Lee 2021). One sample was collected from the side of a fallen log, despite the fact that many field guides describe G. dryophilus’s substrate as leaf litter and thoroughly decayed wood exclusively (Kuo 2013; Baroni 2017). Gymnopus dryophilus is sometimes considered to be a species complex due to morphological differences and mating intersterile groups from both North America and Europe (Vilgalys and Miller 1983; Vilgalys 1991; Alfredo et al. 2008). Without microscopic and genetic analysis, the multiple samples found at our field sites could not be identified down to specific variations, however the morphological range of our samples may be indicative of multiple variations within the area. ID number: 24.18.01.2021
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Helvella crispa
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
Alone or in clusters in hardwoods near hardwoods, on rotting wood or the ground; widely distributed in North America. Cartilaginous; white to cream with hints of yellow or pink; cap 1-5 cm, grainy texture, typically fused with cap only at top, occasionally saddle shaped, frequently with many irregular lobes, furry on underside, thin; stipe ribbed, 3-10 cm long. Common throughout North America and Europe, although studies have cited its collection in South Africa as well (Anderson and Ickis 1921; Dissing 1966; Abbot and Curra 1997a; Abbot and Curra 1997b; Rasalanavho et al. 2019). Morphologically similar macrofungi collected in China have previously been identified as H. Crispa, however recent studies found that these fungi are morphologically and phylogenetically distinct from samples collected in North America and Europe. They may represent a multitude of Helvella species (Zhao et al. 2015). ID number: 16.19.01.2021
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Hygrocybe cantharellus
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
ID number: 18.21.01.2021
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Hygrocybe flavescens
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
Found growing near conifers on or around hardwood and humus. Can be found growing scattered or in clusters on both coasts of the continental United States. Fruits between the months of July and November. Yellow colored cap with a diameter of 2-7 cm. Convex in shape while young and flattens out as it matures. The cap is viscous and is sticky to the touch. Beneath the cap are pale-yellow gills that are broadly attached to the stem and are fairly close together. The stem reaches up to 10 cm in height and shares a similar color to the cap; white near the base. Can be confused with H. chlorophana, as they have a very similar appearance. The stem of H. flavescens is sticky as compared to H. chlorophana. ID number: 18.21.02.2021
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Hypomyces camphorati
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
Parasitic on Lactarius camphoratus. Found under Pinus spp. Subiculum white turning yellow, completely covering hymenium of host. Pileus deformed, irregular, more umbellate than host species, pinkish brown. Stipe lighter than cap with irregular darker zone where Hypomyces subiculum meets. Stipe shorter and wider than on non-parasitized L. camphoratus. Rogerson & Samuels (1994) treat H. camphorati as a synonym for H. lateritius, however they acknowledge that Hypomyces on L. camphoratus display “a yellowish subiculum and slightly larger ascospores.” Genetic analysis is required in order to determine accurate speciation. ID number: 20.23.01.2021
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Hypomyces chrysospermus
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
Parasitic on Boletaceae. Found under Tsuga, Acer, and Betula. 8-12 cm. Subiculum white, powdery, fluffy, turning yellow with age, covering pileus, stipe, and hymenium on fully colonized specimens. Inner flesh soft, occasionally displaying guttation. Most host specimens unrecognizable with the exception of one partially colonized Leccinum spp. (pictured). There are 10 recognized species of Boleticolous Hypomyces. The bright yellow coloration of older specimens is consistent with descriptions of H. chrysospermus, but microscopic analysis is required for confirmation of ID (Rogerson and Samuels 1994). H. chrysospermus is the telemorphic stage of this unusual ascomycete, while the anamorphic stage is Sepedonium chrysospermus (Rogerson and Samuels 1989). This distinction represents a vestige of dual nomenclature within mycology (Hawksworth 2011). ID number: 20.23.02.2021
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Hypomyces hyalinus
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
Parasitic on Amanitas (Rogerson & Samuels 1994). Likely A. rubescens and A. frostiana on our specimens. Found under Pinus and Tsuga. The telemorphic form of this fungus deforms the host Amanita, resulting in a bulbous, occasionally shaggy stipe, a small subglobose cap, and a white subiculum covering the entire fruiting body. On Amanita rubescens, the subiculum occasionally retains pinkish brown staining from the host, between 10 and 20 cm high. On Amanita frostiana, coloration is tawny on the stipe and yellow on the pileus. Occasionally universal veil remnants (“warts”) are still visible beneath subiculum on both hosts. Specimens recognized by coloration, stature, and proximity to non parasitized fruiting bodies. No ascospore germination nor consistently associated animorphs have yet been observed (Rogerson and Samuels 1994). ID number: 20.23.03.2021
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Hypomyces lactifluorum
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
ID number: 20.23.04.2022
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Hypomyces lactifluorum
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
Parasitic on Russula and Lactarius species (Harrison & Grund 1977), particularly members of the R. brevipes species complex (Laperriere et al. 2018). Found in mixed hardwood forest. Reddish orange subiculum forms a powdery coating on its host mushroom, deforming the shape of the pileus and covering the gills completely. Some specimens within the same patch displayed a white subiculum. Rogerson & Samuels (1994) delineate the white form as Hypomyces macrosporus based on a negative KOH reaction on the white parts compared to a purple KOH reaction on the red form, while Harrison & Grund (1977) label both forms as H. lactifluorum based on microscopic characters. Further research is needed to determine if these different phenotypes constitute separate species. ID number: 20.23.04.2021
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Hypomyces luteovirens
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
Parasitic on Russula, found under Acer.m Widely distributed in northern temperate regions. 9-12cm. Subiculum yellow-green, covering hymenium and stipe slight amounts on the pileus turning dark green to grey-black with age. Pileus convex to concave, centrally depressed, irregular and conspicuously lined margin. H. luteovirens is macroscopically distinctive from other hypomyces by its yellow-green coloration, and microscopically distinctive by its large ascospores and perithicial apex displaying “moniliform chains of cells that extend from the surface of the papilla.” (Rogerson & Samuels 1994). ID number: 20.23.05.2021
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Lactarius camphoratus
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
Mycorrhizal with conifers and hardwoods; found growing alone, scattered, or gregariously. Widely distributed in eastern North America through the spring, summer, and fall. Often found on steep slopes. Cap ½ - 5 cm; convex, turning broadly convex to centrally depressed with age; smooth; moist to touch; centrally rusty brown, radially turning cinnamon to pale brown, pale pink to buff margins with age. Gills subdecurrent to decurrent; buff to pale pink, turning a darker pale cinnamon with age. 1 ½ - 5 cm long; ½ - 1 cm thick. Pale rusty brown at base; buff to pale pink, becoming paler toward apex. Milk color whitish to a watery white. Odor sweet, reminiscent of maple syrup, odor becomes stronger when specimens are dried. The extract of this species has broad prospects of natural antiseptic uses (Ling et al. 2000). Two specimens were observed exhibiting an interesting form of possible anastomosis of their caps as seen in the bottom left corner of image provided above. ID number: 28.26.01.2021
This is a collection of macrofungi from the East Brook Valley, Walton, NY. Specimens were collected by citizen scientists during the summer of 2021 and the summer of 2022. Macrofungi specimens were collected, photographed, described, and dehydrated for preservation in our mycological herbarium. A total of 53 genera, approximately 83 species, and 42 identified species were found and collected from seven survey sites in the East Brook Valley. Many of these species can be found in our physical herbarium and this digital herbarium. Each specimen in this collection has an identification number associated with it that can be used to describe its family, genus, species, and year collected.
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