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Amanita bisporigera
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
ID number: 02.01.01.2021
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Amanita frostiana
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
Our specimens were found growing in hemlock pine duff; in hardwood and coniferous forests; range widespread but most common in Northeastern USA and Southeastern Canada; June to September; scattered. Cap begins as hemispheric and becomes more convex and eventually flat as mushroom ages; cap color ranging from bright yellow to bright orange with white, yellow, or orange warts; gills free, white to cream-colored, close to crowded; stipe pale to bright yellow with white to pale yellow volva at base; white to bright yellow universal veil. The distribution of this species is widespread and potentially global. Sanmee et. al. reports that a specimen of A. frostiana was found in Thailand in 1962, but argues that that specimen was in fact the morphologically similar A. rubrovolvata (Sanmee 2008). Further research is required to determine the phylogenetic relationship between the two species and their respective distributions. We are fairly certain that our specimens are A. frostiana, but it is possible that some or all of our specimens are in fact the morphologically similar A. flavoconia. A. frostiana possesses a whiter stipe and a lined cap margin as well as a more persistent volva. Spores of A. frostiana produce a negative amyloid reaction when exposed to Melzer's reagent, an iodine solution used in fungi identification (Leonard 2006). Melzer’s reagent can be used to distinguish the two species, as A. flavoconia has amyloid spores, but this test requires microscopy to complete, which was not something we had access to during this study. ID number: 02.01.02.2021
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Amanita muscaria var. guessowii
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
Mycorrhizal fungi found growing near dead pine trees among other species of Amanitas mushrooms. Can be found in summer through fall months in the northeast and north midwest of North America. The color of this mushroom differentiates it from other varieties of A. muscaria. It can be golden-yellow to orange in color and measures anywhere from 4-19 cm depending on how mature the specimen is. Early on, the cap is bulbous and later becomes convex as the mushroom matures. Cream-colored warts ornament the cap of the mushroom. A cream-colored veil is present on a stem that grows upwards of 12 inches in height and up to a 1.5 inches in width. It has free, white gills that produce white spores. The species muscaria is a complex given that there are multiple variations that are found in different locations and temporal regions across the northern hemisphere (Michelot and Melendez-Howell 2003). The mushroom contains active ingredients Muscimol and Ibotenic acid, which cause psychedelic effects, and it has been used ritualistically across many cultures (Michelot and Melendez-Howell 2003). ID number: 02.01.04.2021
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Amanita rubescens var. alba
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
This species grows in mycorrhizal relation with various hardwoods and conifers, especially oaks. These specimens were found growing under hemlock, Tsuga canadensis. Distributed throughout the northeast United States. Found growing between early summer through fall, our specimens were collected in late July. Tall and lanky stems between 5-15 cm tall and 1-2 cm wide. Caps are convex, flattening with age and slightly sticky. Caps are white to cream colored with flushes of pink or red with age. Warts on cap vary from whitish-yellow to greyish-brown with a rough texture. This species has white free gills that discolor red with age and are close or crowded. A distinctive feature of this species is its volva, partial veil, and universal veil. It’s volva is white with grey discoloration at the base of the stem. The partial veil, or ring, resides at the top of the stem just below the cap and is thin and flaky. Reminets of its universal veil can be seen by the warts atop the cap. Taxonomy in this genus is difficult and problematic, especially with white Amanitas such as Amanita rubescens, because multiple species are morphologically similar and hard to distinguish (B.D. 2018). The European version of Amanita rubescens var. alba, Amanita rubescens f. alba, was found for the first time in Greece in 2004 and is considered rare, while the North American version found in this study is common (Delivorias 2011). Molecular research is necessary in order to understand whether or not these sub-species are morphologically indistinguishable, or just similar. While it is not possible to be fully confident in our identification of this fungus at the subspecies level without microscopy, our taxonomic understanding of this group remains at a higher resolution than most specimens observed. ID number: 02.01.05.2021
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Artomyces pyxidatus
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
Coralloid basidiomycete found in the Eastern United States, China, and Europe (Lickey et al. 2002). It is saprobic in nature and so it is found on decaying hardwood in small clusters. Fruiting bodies up to 10 cm wide and 15 cm high with white crown-like tips at the top that have 4-8 points. Each cluster has dozens of white branches that are compounded stemming upward. Produces white colored spores. Genetic analysis demonstrated that A. pyxidatus “could occupy a single substrate and that the mycelia could reach a measured size of 1.9 meters” (Tieken 2002). ID number: 04.02.01.2021
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Boletellus chrysenteroides
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
ID number: 05.03.01.2021
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Boletinellus merulioides
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
Contested ecology, growing gregariously. Fruiting summer through fall. Widely distributed in Eastern North America. Cap 5-20 cm wide, irregular cap, wavy margins, ochre to reddish-brown, tacky when wet and leathery when dry. Pores yellow, irregularly shaped with cross-veins, staining slowly blue then reddening over time. Stem 2-4 cm, off-center, same color as cap. Boletinellus merulioides is known for forming plentiful sclerotia in the Eastern region of North America (Cotter and Miller 1985). When germinated, the sclerotia collected in the forest formed mycelial colonies that had the same characteristics as colonies formed from sporocarps (Cotter and Miller 1985). This fungus was historically presumed to be ectomycorrhizal, however its primary host tree, Fraxinus americana, forms vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal connections, which was assumed to preclude ectomycorrhizal relationships (Nuhn 2016). Research from 1987 suggested a mutualistic relationship with the aphid Prociphilus fraxinifolii (Brundrett and Kendrick 1987); recent isotopic field analysis confirmed ECM relationships between B. merulioides and F. americana, but could not rule out honeydew from P. fraxinifolii as a potential carbon source (Nuhn 2016). ID number: 05.60.01.2022
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Boletus subvelutipes
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
Mycorrhizal with oak, found growing alone, scattered, or gregariously. Widely distributed, June - September. Cap 5-9 cm wide; convex; dull orange in color, with a yellow margin; tacky when fresh. Pore surface yellow, bruising blue and ages to a blackish color. Stem 3 ½ - 7 cm long; 1 ½ - 2 cm thick; reticulate near cap. This species produces variegatic acid, which causes it to bruise blue (Negishi et al. 2000). Variegatic acid isolated from a fruiting body of Boletus velutipes was shown to have enzymatic deodorization properties (Negishi et al. 2000). In a study from Yunnan, China, fruiting bodies demonstrated significant bioaccumulation of heavy metals such as copper, iron, manganese, zinc, and lead, significantly higher than other species studied - Amanita augusta and Macrolepiota procera (Lalotra et al. 2016). ID number: 05.04.01.2021
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Bondarzewia berkeleyi
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
Parasitic and saprobic; growing, usually on the base, of hardwoods both alive and dead.This species can be found growing from the summer through the fall in Africa, Asia, Europe and North America. It causes butt rot in the heartwood of the host tree which will eventually cause the wood to to hollow out. The fruiting body of this polypore varies from 25-80 cm across and is composed of one to five individual fronds that narrow at the base. While this species doesn’t have a proper cap and stem, it has branching bodies that meet at its base. Each frond is approximately 6-25 cm wide, irregular or kidney shaped, slightly convex, or flat. It is dry, velvety, and often radially wrinkled or having zones of different colors or textures. They are off-white to tan and do not bruise when damaged. This species’ base is 4-10 cm long, 3-6 cm wide, off-center or centered, and yellowish to light brown in color. Like the fronds, its base is dry, slightly velvety, tough and not bruising. This species has pores that run down the psedostipe, are whitish, not bruising, visible to the eye, angular, 0.5-2 mm across, and have tubes that are approximately one cm deep. This species also has a white spore print and turns yellow to red with KOH. Recently, Bondarzewia berkeleyi was found to contain a partitivirus and a mymonavirus, a novel discovery and the first to be described in this genus (Vainio and Sutela 2020). Additional research on this species is needed to future understand the viruses it hosts. A study done in 2014 proved that this species and Merulius eurocephalus have morphological dissimilarities and are not the same species as was once thought (Kumar and Harsh 2014). Note: This mushroom is very large and realtively uncommon so it was not harvested and cannot be found in this herbarium. ID number: 06.05.01.2021
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Butryiboletus brunneus
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
Mycorrhizal with hardwoods and found where conifers are present; widely found in eastern North America as well as the Midwest; growing in summer and fall; most often scattered or solitary and sometimes gregarious. Smooth to velvety, convex, brown cap; cap flesh stains blue; pore surface bright yellow and sponge-like with very small pores, stains blue when first affected then turns brown; finely reticulate stipe that is light yellow, becoming scarlet red towards the base; when exposed to KOH cap turns bright red and inner flesh turns reddish-brown; taste not distinctive, slightly sour. Butyriboletus is a new genus within the family Boletaceae established in 2014 (Arora, 2014); the species was formerly known as Boletus speciosus var. brunneus. Morphologically similar to Butyriboletus peckii which is characterized by smaller reticulation on the stipe as well as a yellow coloration that turns red higher up the stipe. ID number: 05.06.01.2021
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Calocera cornea
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
Saprobic; growing on dead or decaying hardwood, especially oaks. Found widely in North America. Grows dominantly from the summer through the fall. Jelly fungi with small yellow-orange fruiting bodies. Branching is sparse with a pointed to softly round tip. Clusters often occur scattered although can appear tightly packed. This branching club fungus has no distinguishable cap, gills, or stem, as it presents as one uniform body. Typically 2 cm tall and 3 mm thick. Texture of bodies is smooth, slick, and firm yet gelnatious. This species has global distribution, and has been observed on the Indian subcontinent (Swapna et al. 2008). This species has been shown to exhibit four distinct kinds of wood decay, three forms of brown rot, and one form of white rot (Seifert 1983). C. cornea is a member of a species complex with several other Calocera species. For example, C. alba may be a color variant of C. cornea, C. mucida may be the same species as C. cornea, and Calocera subsimplex may be as well (McNabb 1965). In order to properly identify these species, molecular research is necessary due to their morphologically similar traits and overlapping phylogenetic backgrounds. ID number: 10.07.01.2021
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Cerioporus leptocephalus
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
ID number: 25.62.01.2022
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Cerioporus leptocephalus
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
Saprobic on hardwood sticks, and small logs that have lost their bark; growing alone or scattered; First emerging late spring to early summer, observed throughout summer to fall; Widely distributed in North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and Australasia. Cap 2- 7 cm; cream color to pale tan; flat with an uplifted margin, round to kidney shaped. Pore surface runs onto stem; cream color with pale tan margin. Stem lateral; 1 - 1 ½ cm in length, curved, tapered from base, black at base. This species has global distribution, and has been observed in Europe, notably Russia (Zmitrovich et al. 2016). This species has shown to have dual ecology as an “old-forest ecotype” a saprophytic inhabitant on natural, old, mesic forests, or as a “park ecotype” growing on large scars left from cut or fallen branches as a parasite (Niemelä and Kotiranta 1991). ID number: 25.62.01.2021
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Clavoriadelphus spp.
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
ID number: 37.54.01.2021
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Clitocybe odora
Kathleen R. White, Jacqueline A. Jergensen, and Ada Lam
Saprobic, growing on the debris or leaf litter of hardwoods or confiders. This species can be found throughout North America, Europe, and Asia growing during the summer, fall, and winter in warm climates. Grows scattered or in patches. Cap is smooth, convex with an enrolled margin, 2-11 cm long and a light blue-green color. Our specimen was approximately 6 cm across. With age, caps fade in color, become rougher, and margins become lined. Gills are attached and subdecurrent with the stem. They are crowded and off white to light pinkish. The stem of this species is 2-8 cm long, our specimen was approximately 3 cm long, and up to 16 mm thick. Stems are dry, whitish, slightly hairy, and have basal mycelium. It’s spore print is creamy white to pinkish; the cap turns orange with KOH, and smells and tastes of anise when young. This species, along with Lentinellus cochleatus and Agaricus essettei, have a strong odor of anise. In the case of C. odora, this smell is due to the odorous component p-Anisaldehyde (Rapior et al. 2002). A report found a novel mycovirus in C. odora that is similar to Tanathephorus cucumeris, but does not currently belong to any existing virus taxa (Heinze 2012). A study comparing and describing the bioactive compounds of several mushrooms found that Clitocybe odora has one of the highest ascorbic acid contents (172.65 mg/100 g) and antioxidant properties (EC₅₀ < 3.6 mg/ml) among the fungi studied (Vaz et al. 2011). ID number: 35.09.01.2021
This is a collection of macrofungi from the East Brook Valley, Walton, NY. Specimens were collected by citizen scientists during the summer of 2021 and the summer of 2022. Macrofungi specimens were collected, photographed, described, and dehydrated for preservation in our mycological herbarium. A total of 53 genera, approximately 83 species, and 42 identified species were found and collected from seven survey sites in the East Brook Valley. Many of these species can be found in our physical herbarium and this digital herbarium. Each specimen in this collection has an identification number associated with it that can be used to describe its family, genus, species, and year collected.
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